Literary Analysis over One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest Essay

LITERARY ANALYSIS One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest is a novel written by Ken Kesey during a time in our society when pressures of our modern world seemed at their greatest. Many people were, at this time, deemed by society’s standards to be insane and institutionalized. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest is set in a ward of a mental institution. The major conflict in the novel is that of power. Power is a recurring and overwhelming theme throughout the novel. Kesey shows the power of women who are associated with the patients, the power Nurse Ratched has, and also the power McMurphy fights to win. By default, he also shows how little power the patients have. When discussing the theme of power in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s†¦show more content†¦Laughter makes the patients feel good, and, specifically, Bromden feels good and begins to remember other things that made him feel good (Tanner 4). McMurphy’s power in laughter is intensified by Nu rse Ratched’s lack of laughter. McMurphy’s laughter and humor are genuine while Nurse Ratched’s humor is forced and smiles are chiseled like in plastic (Wallace 3, 5). Power enables McMurphy to make changes on the ward and to survive in the institution. His sanity compared to the other patients, his manipulations, and his ability to laugh give him the power. He, in turn, gives patients a sense of power by teaching them to laugh at themselves, Nurse Ratched, and the world (Magill 1533). Second in a discussion of power are the women associated with the patients. The supervisor at the hospital is associated with the patients by controlling who is employed to take care of the patients. Nurse Ratched and the supervisor served in the Army together as nurses. They are still very close and have a good relationship. Because of this relationship, Nurse Ratched’s employment is secured and others won’t stand up to her for fear of losing their own jo bs. Harding states â€Å"In this hospital, the doctor doesn’t hold the power of hiring and firing. That power goes to the supervisor and the supervisor is a woman, a dear old friend of Miss Ratched’s† (61). The receptionist on the ward is Nurse Ratched’s neighborShow MoreRelatedKen Kesey s One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest1629 Words   |  7 PagesKesey’s One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest is a timeless classic. This novel has been subject to analysis through many different literary lenses: feminist, Marxist, and of course, psychoanalytic. One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest provides a plethora of evidence when it comes to using the psychoanalytic lens. The lens in question deals with the teaching of Sigmund Freud. When reading this novel, the audience sees quite clearly that the world of psychology plays an impactful role in One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s

The lovely Bones Free Essays

The setting of the novel shows us that the worst things can happen when we least expect It and to the people who least deserve It. The author Alice Sobbed’ strategically wrote the setting the way It Is to help readers realize that they should always be careful about whom they trust and to show that tragedies Like these do and did happen. Plot The storyline of this book is based around the fight for family and in particular the willingness to let go of the past and live within the present. We will write a custom essay sample on The lovely Bones or any similar topic only for you Order Now We follow a young girls horrific story and we watch her as she struggles to leave earth and enjoy heaven. This girls name was Susie Salmon; she was fourteen years old when she was murdered on December 6th 1973, We follow not only her Journey but also her implies’ as they both try to cope and come to terms with this horrifying circumstance. We learn that we should not take advantage of what you have and to be thankful for what we already do have. At the innocent age of fourteen Susie Salmon was lured into a hidden underground room by her neighbor Mr.. Harvey. Susie was raped and killed by this sick man who was surprisingly a trusted individual throughout the community. He had a mental disease and had killed many other girls before Susie. The youngest being only six years old. We watch as Useless family falls apart and also learn how much love a father can have for his daughter. This is evident, as her dad never lets go of his beautiful daughters memory we witness his determination to put Issue’s soul to rest as he continues to search and expose her killer. Mr.. Harvey never gets caught although he dies as a result of karma, which is what the author ‘Alice Sobbed’ alms to portray at the end of this novel. Although the most Important lesson shown Is how hard It Is to let go of a life that was unfairly taken away, by a man who does not deserve to have one. Characters Susie Salmon Susie was a fun and bright girl who loved two things her photography and her family. Although this all changed on December 6th 1973 when she was beaten, raped and murdered in the cornfields by Mr.. Harvey her neighbor. She used to be full of love and extremely vibrant. Although after this traumatic experience which put her life to an unexpected and extremely early stop her whole personality changes. She struggles to accept the fact that she can no longer continue with the life she once had. Susie finds it very difficult to except the fact that Mr.. Harvey can continue through life and she has to watch her loves ones suffer. She shows her frustration wrought sending messages to her father who is in desperate search of his little girls killer. Although she soon learns that everything happens for a reason and life will Mr.. Harvey Mr.. Harvey is a thirty six year old man who is responsible for both the rape and murder of young Susie Salmon. He is a very important although evil character thorough this traumatic although eye opening novel. As Susie is between earth and heaven she watches over her loved ones. By choice she very rarely watches over Mr.. Harvey but the only time she ever seems to notice him is when he is thinking about re or getting close to her family. Throughout this novel we begin to re-live Mr.. Harvey’s childhood we learn that he had a mother who taught him how to steal and an abusive father who did not have a proper Job like all the other children. His life was far from perfect and once he saw that The Salmons had a life he always dreamt of having. He felt the need to ruin it and destroy something that he never had the privilege of having. All in all Mr.. Harvey was motivated by Jealousy as he believed that a young innocent girl who had her whole life ahead of her did not deserve the reveille of having a loving family. So instead of improving his own life he decided to destroy someone else’s. Themes There are a various amount of themes associated with this particular novel such as the fight for family and most importantly love. In this heart wrenching novel we are shown the different and opposite types of families. The salmon family are loving, supportive and happy although Mr.. Harvey lives alone and had a very tough and unloved upbringing. Mr.. Harvey finds it hard to believe that even though the salmons have lost a much-loved member of the family, hey still manage to get through and keep the bond they all shared with or without Susie. The novel is based heavily upon the Salmon family rebuilding their once perfect lives after the horrific murder of both a daughter and sister. As we continue through the novel we see vast amounts of love through both family and friends. Issue’s little sister Lindsey begins to fall in-love with a young boy called Samuel. As Susie watches over her little sister growing up she cannot help but be envious of her, because she was never able to experience such feelings. Although we o not only watch love blossom unfortunately we also see former loves come crumbling down. As you would expect the strain of losing a loved one can either make relationships stronger or weaker. Unfortunately Issue’s parents were unable to cope, her mum left for a year to go work in a winery and deal with her pain alone and in her own time. Although at the end she comes back and Issue’s parents fall in love all over again. Author’s Techniques The time frame has strategically been set through 1973 to 1981 because back in this particular day and age murder and or rape was unfamiliar and in most cases an unheard of crime. It could also be the fact that we did not have the resources we needed back then to catch killers and rapists as there was no DNA testing during this time in our history. The author ‘Alice Sobbed’ has set the book in this time because the death of this young adult took many by surprise and it was unjust but also common that Mr.. Harvey was never caught and convicted. Although one particular use of symbolism stood out the most. Mr.. Harvey kept the bracelet young Susie wore the night she was murdered. The author uses the bracelet to symbolism Susie Salmon and the fact that even though she cannot be seen or eared she is still there, watching and missing everything she was not able to experience in life. Evaluation The novel ‘The lovely bones’ is an amazing story of a young girls unfairly shortened life. We see evidence of symbolism, point of view and many other techniques used by the author. It shows us that family is in most cases are the people you can trust the most. Susie had so much more living to do; which allows the novel to make you frustrated although it also makes readers feel thankful for the opportunities and life they are fortunate enough to have. How to cite The lovely Bones, Papers

Neuroscience and cell biology

Question: Discuss about the potential of neuroprotective and cell-replacement therapies as Disease modifying therapies for Parkinson's diseas? Answer: Introduction Parkinson disease is the neurodegenerative disease. This common disease affects people over 65 years age (Buttery and Barker 2014). The disease is characterised by progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons that leads to disability of movement. It is due to presence of alpha-synuclein positive Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra. Lewy bodies are identified to be associated with the non-motor features of the disease such as sleep, cognitive an autonomic dysfunction. Among most restorative therapies to the disease are neuroprotective factor therapy and cell replacement therapy. Experiments with this approaches showed promising results. The paper discusses the potential of neuroprotective and cell-replacement therapies as disease modifying therapies (alternative to drug therapy) for Parkinson's disease. Discussion According to Barrow (2015) stem cell therapy has been found to have exciting prospects in treatment of Parkinsons disease. It has been effective in treating several neurodegenerative conditions. Some of the experiment with high potential to treat parkinsons disease have been discussed below. In patients with this disease, the central nervous system or CNS does not regenerate its own neurons. Hence, stem cells are a good choice as they have pluripotency. Initiating the differentiation of the stem cells under correct conditions will help generate dopminergic neurons, which can then be transplanted into the patients for replacing their dopamine levels. Both Michael J Fox Foundation and Parkinson's UK actively research into potential stem cells therapy (Kim et al. 2002). Kriks et al. (2011) showed that in an animal model of Parkinsons disease, when dopamine neurons extracted from the embryonic stem cells were transplanted it showed to function effectively. These neurons have ability to efficiently engraft in the animal model. There was an improvement in dopaminergic delivery to the neighbouring parts when these neurons got established within the striatum. It aids in improving the motor control and preventing the worsening symptoms of the illness. Induced pluripotent stem cells or iPS have properties same as ESCs. They can be derived from adult human dermal fibroblasts. iPSs has obvious potential for Parkinsons disease as cell based therapy (Canet-Aviles et al. 2014). However, eliminating their tumour inducing property will make them highly suitable for cell therapy. It is devoid of ethical problems as the iPSs can be derived from pateints own adult cells and there is no risk of rejection. The cell line of iPS called IMR90clone 4 is available which can be differentiated into dopaminergic neuron progenitors. Upon transplanting it into the rat disease model these progenitors were found surviving for a very long period. In other experiment iPSs having point mutation in -synuclein (A53T) were developed for the disease. After transplantation the mutation was reversed via zinc finger nuclease genetic editing successfully. Later functional dopaminergic neurons were generated (Pawitan 2011). Other potential method of cell replacement therapy is the implantation of the neural stem cellsor NSC into the striatum of the effected patients (Buttery and Barker 2014). With the help of the extracellular signalling, these cells were differentiating into dopaminergic neurons as a response to the host body signals. An intrinsic ability of NSCs is to generate neuroprotective factors by influencing the CNS. However, there is a need of providing appropriate in vitro signalling. It was evident from the study that the adult stem cells have higher potential than the embryonic stem cells. Additional advantage of the adult stem cells is that it can be extracted from other sources such as oral mucosa, adipose tissue and bone marrow. It does not depend on the aborted foetal tissues. This potential therapy was successful when applied to Mr. Dennis Turnerin the USA. He was a patient of Parkinsons for 14 years and he himself have declared the benefits of cell replacement therapy. The most promising disease modifying therapy for Parkinsons disease is Neuroprotection and neuroregeneration. As per Lu-Nguyen et al. (2014) the Neurotrophic factors have the potential to act as disease modifying treatment among the current research strategies as they play significant regulatory role in the development, and survival of specific populations of neurons. They can also reverse the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. The main cause of symptoms in Parkinsons disease is the on-going degeneration. Therefore, trials were conducted to halt the degeneration process. Experiments using the neuropreotective agents such as glial cell-line derived neuropreotective factor or GDNF showed promising results. However, the potential for targeted delivery is yet to be achieved which otherwise may result in adverse effects due to off-target response. Experiments on mice model and on 5 people in advance stage disease in phase 1 trial gave promising results after 2 years. In these pat ients with GDNF was delivered by pump bilaterally into dorsalputamen. Patients were found with bilateral improvement. However, there remains a scientific challenge of applying the Neurotrophic factors to enhance cell survival for in vivo or ex vivo gene therapy. Current trial with AAV2 using convection-enhanced delivery with dose escalation is expected to meet six months primary outcomes. Another trial including the delivery of neurturin on 12 patients in phase 1 showed high potential after 1 year in 2008 in treating parkinsons disease. Next trial in 2015 using convection-enhanced delivery confirmed safety of nigra after dlivery. Delivery of neurturin using AAV2 vector (CERE-120) into stratum and ventral midbrain enhanced the neuroprotection in PD models and seems necessary alternate approach (Herzog et al. 2013). Conclusion It can be concluded from the above discussion that there are variety of cells having the ability to differentiate into cells that produce neurotrophic factor or dopaminergic neurons. The literature review shows that most experiments that have given promising results were conducted in animal models showing high efficacy. Some of the experiments have been used in human trials. Efficacy and safety assurance is required for translation into human therapy. Future experiments needs to be performed using standardized procedure for each type of Parkinson's disease, kind of cell effected, and the delivery site. Sustainable therapeutic effect may be achieved by the modulation of microenvironment for increasing the efficacy. References Barrow, T.R., 2015. Cell replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease.Bioscience Horizons: The National Undergraduate Research Journal,8. Buttery, P.C. and Barker, R.A., 2014. Treating Parkinson's disease in the 21st century: can stem cell transplantation compete?.Journal of Comparative Neurology,522(12), pp.2802-2816. Canet-Aviles, R., Lomax, G.P., Feigal, E.G. and Priest, C., 2014. Proceedings: Cell Therapies for Parkinson's Disease From Discovery to Clinic.Stem cells translational medicine,3(9), pp.979-991. Hegarty, S.V., O'keeffe, G.W. and Sullivan, A.M., 2014. Neurotrophic factors: from neurodevelopmental regulators to novel therapies for Parkinson's disease.Neural regeneration research,9(19), p.1708. Herzog, C.D., Brown, L., Kruegel, B.R., Wilson, A., Tansey, M.G., Gage, F.H., Johnson, E.M. and Bartus, R.T., 2013. Enhanced neurotrophic distribution, cell signaling and neuroprotection following substantia nigral versus striatal delivery of AAV2-NRTN (CERE-120).Neurobiology of disease,58, pp.38-48. Kim, J.H., Auerbach, J.M., Rodrguez-Gmez, J.A., Velasco, I., Gavin, D., Lumelsky, N., Lee, S.H., Nguyen, J., Snchez-Pernaute, R., Bankiewicz, K. and McKay, R., 2002. Dopamine neurons derived from embryonic stem cells function in an animal model of Parkinson's disease.Nature,418(6893), pp.50-56. Kriks, S., Shim, J.W., Piao, J., Ganat, Y.M., Wakeman, D.R., Xie, Z., Carrillo-Reid, L., Auyeung, G., Antonacci, C., Buch, A. and Yang, L., 2011. Dopamine neurons derived from human ES cells efficiently engraft in animal models of Parkinson/'s disease.Nature,480(7378), pp.547-551. Lu-Nguyen, N.B., Broadstock, M., Schliesser, M.G., Bartholomae, C.C., von Kalle, C., Schmidt, M. and Yez-Muoz, R.J., 2014. Transgenic expression of human glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor from integration-deficient lentiviral vectors is neuroprotective in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease.Human gene therapy,25(7), pp.631-641. Pawitan, J.A., 2011. Prospect of cell therapy for Parkinson's disease.Anatomy cell biology,44(4), pp.256-264.