The lovely Bones Free Essays

The setting of the novel shows us that the worst things can happen when we least expect It and to the people who least deserve It. The author Alice Sobbed’ strategically wrote the setting the way It Is to help readers realize that they should always be careful about whom they trust and to show that tragedies Like these do and did happen. Plot The storyline of this book is based around the fight for family and in particular the willingness to let go of the past and live within the present. We will write a custom essay sample on The lovely Bones or any similar topic only for you Order Now We follow a young girls horrific story and we watch her as she struggles to leave earth and enjoy heaven. This girls name was Susie Salmon; she was fourteen years old when she was murdered on December 6th 1973, We follow not only her Journey but also her implies’ as they both try to cope and come to terms with this horrifying circumstance. We learn that we should not take advantage of what you have and to be thankful for what we already do have. At the innocent age of fourteen Susie Salmon was lured into a hidden underground room by her neighbor Mr.. Harvey. Susie was raped and killed by this sick man who was surprisingly a trusted individual throughout the community. He had a mental disease and had killed many other girls before Susie. The youngest being only six years old. We watch as Useless family falls apart and also learn how much love a father can have for his daughter. This is evident, as her dad never lets go of his beautiful daughters memory we witness his determination to put Issue’s soul to rest as he continues to search and expose her killer. Mr.. Harvey never gets caught although he dies as a result of karma, which is what the author ‘Alice Sobbed’ alms to portray at the end of this novel. Although the most Important lesson shown Is how hard It Is to let go of a life that was unfairly taken away, by a man who does not deserve to have one. Characters Susie Salmon Susie was a fun and bright girl who loved two things her photography and her family. Although this all changed on December 6th 1973 when she was beaten, raped and murdered in the cornfields by Mr.. Harvey her neighbor. She used to be full of love and extremely vibrant. Although after this traumatic experience which put her life to an unexpected and extremely early stop her whole personality changes. She struggles to accept the fact that she can no longer continue with the life she once had. Susie finds it very difficult to except the fact that Mr.. Harvey can continue through life and she has to watch her loves ones suffer. She shows her frustration wrought sending messages to her father who is in desperate search of his little girls killer. Although she soon learns that everything happens for a reason and life will Mr.. Harvey Mr.. Harvey is a thirty six year old man who is responsible for both the rape and murder of young Susie Salmon. He is a very important although evil character thorough this traumatic although eye opening novel. As Susie is between earth and heaven she watches over her loved ones. By choice she very rarely watches over Mr.. Harvey but the only time she ever seems to notice him is when he is thinking about re or getting close to her family. Throughout this novel we begin to re-live Mr.. Harvey’s childhood we learn that he had a mother who taught him how to steal and an abusive father who did not have a proper Job like all the other children. His life was far from perfect and once he saw that The Salmons had a life he always dreamt of having. He felt the need to ruin it and destroy something that he never had the privilege of having. All in all Mr.. Harvey was motivated by Jealousy as he believed that a young innocent girl who had her whole life ahead of her did not deserve the reveille of having a loving family. So instead of improving his own life he decided to destroy someone else’s. Themes There are a various amount of themes associated with this particular novel such as the fight for family and most importantly love. In this heart wrenching novel we are shown the different and opposite types of families. The salmon family are loving, supportive and happy although Mr.. Harvey lives alone and had a very tough and unloved upbringing. Mr.. Harvey finds it hard to believe that even though the salmons have lost a much-loved member of the family, hey still manage to get through and keep the bond they all shared with or without Susie. The novel is based heavily upon the Salmon family rebuilding their once perfect lives after the horrific murder of both a daughter and sister. As we continue through the novel we see vast amounts of love through both family and friends. Issue’s little sister Lindsey begins to fall in-love with a young boy called Samuel. As Susie watches over her little sister growing up she cannot help but be envious of her, because she was never able to experience such feelings. Although we o not only watch love blossom unfortunately we also see former loves come crumbling down. As you would expect the strain of losing a loved one can either make relationships stronger or weaker. Unfortunately Issue’s parents were unable to cope, her mum left for a year to go work in a winery and deal with her pain alone and in her own time. Although at the end she comes back and Issue’s parents fall in love all over again. Author’s Techniques The time frame has strategically been set through 1973 to 1981 because back in this particular day and age murder and or rape was unfamiliar and in most cases an unheard of crime. It could also be the fact that we did not have the resources we needed back then to catch killers and rapists as there was no DNA testing during this time in our history. The author ‘Alice Sobbed’ has set the book in this time because the death of this young adult took many by surprise and it was unjust but also common that Mr.. Harvey was never caught and convicted. Although one particular use of symbolism stood out the most. Mr.. Harvey kept the bracelet young Susie wore the night she was murdered. The author uses the bracelet to symbolism Susie Salmon and the fact that even though she cannot be seen or eared she is still there, watching and missing everything she was not able to experience in life. Evaluation The novel ‘The lovely bones’ is an amazing story of a young girls unfairly shortened life. We see evidence of symbolism, point of view and many other techniques used by the author. It shows us that family is in most cases are the people you can trust the most. Susie had so much more living to do; which allows the novel to make you frustrated although it also makes readers feel thankful for the opportunities and life they are fortunate enough to have. How to cite The lovely Bones, Papers

Neuroscience and cell biology

Question: Discuss about the potential of neuroprotective and cell-replacement therapies as Disease modifying therapies for Parkinson's diseas? Answer: Introduction Parkinson disease is the neurodegenerative disease. This common disease affects people over 65 years age (Buttery and Barker 2014). The disease is characterised by progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons that leads to disability of movement. It is due to presence of alpha-synuclein positive Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra. Lewy bodies are identified to be associated with the non-motor features of the disease such as sleep, cognitive an autonomic dysfunction. Among most restorative therapies to the disease are neuroprotective factor therapy and cell replacement therapy. Experiments with this approaches showed promising results. The paper discusses the potential of neuroprotective and cell-replacement therapies as disease modifying therapies (alternative to drug therapy) for Parkinson's disease. Discussion According to Barrow (2015) stem cell therapy has been found to have exciting prospects in treatment of Parkinsons disease. It has been effective in treating several neurodegenerative conditions. Some of the experiment with high potential to treat parkinsons disease have been discussed below. In patients with this disease, the central nervous system or CNS does not regenerate its own neurons. Hence, stem cells are a good choice as they have pluripotency. Initiating the differentiation of the stem cells under correct conditions will help generate dopminergic neurons, which can then be transplanted into the patients for replacing their dopamine levels. Both Michael J Fox Foundation and Parkinson's UK actively research into potential stem cells therapy (Kim et al. 2002). Kriks et al. (2011) showed that in an animal model of Parkinsons disease, when dopamine neurons extracted from the embryonic stem cells were transplanted it showed to function effectively. These neurons have ability to efficiently engraft in the animal model. There was an improvement in dopaminergic delivery to the neighbouring parts when these neurons got established within the striatum. It aids in improving the motor control and preventing the worsening symptoms of the illness. Induced pluripotent stem cells or iPS have properties same as ESCs. They can be derived from adult human dermal fibroblasts. iPSs has obvious potential for Parkinsons disease as cell based therapy (Canet-Aviles et al. 2014). However, eliminating their tumour inducing property will make them highly suitable for cell therapy. It is devoid of ethical problems as the iPSs can be derived from pateints own adult cells and there is no risk of rejection. The cell line of iPS called IMR90clone 4 is available which can be differentiated into dopaminergic neuron progenitors. Upon transplanting it into the rat disease model these progenitors were found surviving for a very long period. In other experiment iPSs having point mutation in -synuclein (A53T) were developed for the disease. After transplantation the mutation was reversed via zinc finger nuclease genetic editing successfully. Later functional dopaminergic neurons were generated (Pawitan 2011). Other potential method of cell replacement therapy is the implantation of the neural stem cellsor NSC into the striatum of the effected patients (Buttery and Barker 2014). With the help of the extracellular signalling, these cells were differentiating into dopaminergic neurons as a response to the host body signals. An intrinsic ability of NSCs is to generate neuroprotective factors by influencing the CNS. However, there is a need of providing appropriate in vitro signalling. It was evident from the study that the adult stem cells have higher potential than the embryonic stem cells. Additional advantage of the adult stem cells is that it can be extracted from other sources such as oral mucosa, adipose tissue and bone marrow. It does not depend on the aborted foetal tissues. This potential therapy was successful when applied to Mr. Dennis Turnerin the USA. He was a patient of Parkinsons for 14 years and he himself have declared the benefits of cell replacement therapy. The most promising disease modifying therapy for Parkinsons disease is Neuroprotection and neuroregeneration. As per Lu-Nguyen et al. (2014) the Neurotrophic factors have the potential to act as disease modifying treatment among the current research strategies as they play significant regulatory role in the development, and survival of specific populations of neurons. They can also reverse the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. The main cause of symptoms in Parkinsons disease is the on-going degeneration. Therefore, trials were conducted to halt the degeneration process. Experiments using the neuropreotective agents such as glial cell-line derived neuropreotective factor or GDNF showed promising results. However, the potential for targeted delivery is yet to be achieved which otherwise may result in adverse effects due to off-target response. Experiments on mice model and on 5 people in advance stage disease in phase 1 trial gave promising results after 2 years. In these pat ients with GDNF was delivered by pump bilaterally into dorsalputamen. Patients were found with bilateral improvement. However, there remains a scientific challenge of applying the Neurotrophic factors to enhance cell survival for in vivo or ex vivo gene therapy. Current trial with AAV2 using convection-enhanced delivery with dose escalation is expected to meet six months primary outcomes. Another trial including the delivery of neurturin on 12 patients in phase 1 showed high potential after 1 year in 2008 in treating parkinsons disease. Next trial in 2015 using convection-enhanced delivery confirmed safety of nigra after dlivery. Delivery of neurturin using AAV2 vector (CERE-120) into stratum and ventral midbrain enhanced the neuroprotection in PD models and seems necessary alternate approach (Herzog et al. 2013). Conclusion It can be concluded from the above discussion that there are variety of cells having the ability to differentiate into cells that produce neurotrophic factor or dopaminergic neurons. The literature review shows that most experiments that have given promising results were conducted in animal models showing high efficacy. Some of the experiments have been used in human trials. Efficacy and safety assurance is required for translation into human therapy. Future experiments needs to be performed using standardized procedure for each type of Parkinson's disease, kind of cell effected, and the delivery site. Sustainable therapeutic effect may be achieved by the modulation of microenvironment for increasing the efficacy. References Barrow, T.R., 2015. Cell replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease.Bioscience Horizons: The National Undergraduate Research Journal,8. Buttery, P.C. and Barker, R.A., 2014. Treating Parkinson's disease in the 21st century: can stem cell transplantation compete?.Journal of Comparative Neurology,522(12), pp.2802-2816. Canet-Aviles, R., Lomax, G.P., Feigal, E.G. and Priest, C., 2014. Proceedings: Cell Therapies for Parkinson's Disease From Discovery to Clinic.Stem cells translational medicine,3(9), pp.979-991. Hegarty, S.V., O'keeffe, G.W. and Sullivan, A.M., 2014. Neurotrophic factors: from neurodevelopmental regulators to novel therapies for Parkinson's disease.Neural regeneration research,9(19), p.1708. Herzog, C.D., Brown, L., Kruegel, B.R., Wilson, A., Tansey, M.G., Gage, F.H., Johnson, E.M. and Bartus, R.T., 2013. Enhanced neurotrophic distribution, cell signaling and neuroprotection following substantia nigral versus striatal delivery of AAV2-NRTN (CERE-120).Neurobiology of disease,58, pp.38-48. Kim, J.H., Auerbach, J.M., Rodrguez-Gmez, J.A., Velasco, I., Gavin, D., Lumelsky, N., Lee, S.H., Nguyen, J., Snchez-Pernaute, R., Bankiewicz, K. and McKay, R., 2002. Dopamine neurons derived from embryonic stem cells function in an animal model of Parkinson's disease.Nature,418(6893), pp.50-56. Kriks, S., Shim, J.W., Piao, J., Ganat, Y.M., Wakeman, D.R., Xie, Z., Carrillo-Reid, L., Auyeung, G., Antonacci, C., Buch, A. and Yang, L., 2011. Dopamine neurons derived from human ES cells efficiently engraft in animal models of Parkinson/'s disease.Nature,480(7378), pp.547-551. Lu-Nguyen, N.B., Broadstock, M., Schliesser, M.G., Bartholomae, C.C., von Kalle, C., Schmidt, M. and Yez-Muoz, R.J., 2014. Transgenic expression of human glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor from integration-deficient lentiviral vectors is neuroprotective in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease.Human gene therapy,25(7), pp.631-641. Pawitan, J.A., 2011. Prospect of cell therapy for Parkinson's disease.Anatomy cell biology,44(4), pp.256-264.

Pornography Essays (9012 words) - Pornography, Ageism, Israeli Law

Pornography Pornography Nick Baker p.6 Pornography -- Sex or Subordination? In the late Seventies, America became shocked and outraged by the rape, mutilation, and murder of over a dozen young, beautiful girls. The man who committed these murders, Ted Bundy, was later apprehended and executed. During his detention in various penitentiaries, he was mentally probed and prodded by psychologist and psychoanalysts hoping to discover the root of his violent actions and sexual frustrations. Many theories arose in attempts to explain the motivational factors behind his murderous escapades. However, the strongest and most feasible of these theories came not from the psychologists, but from the man himself, as a teenager, my buddies and I would all sneak around and watch porn. As I grew older, I became more and more interested and involved in it, [pornography] became an obsession. I got so involved in it, I wanted to incorporate [porn] into my life, but I couldn't behave like that and maintain the success I had worked so hard for. I generated an alter ego to fulfill my fantasies under-cover. Pornography was a means of unlocking the evil I had buried inside myself (Leidholdt 47). Is it possible that pornography is acting as the key to unlocking the evil in more unstable minds? According to Edward Donnerstein, a leading researcher in the pornography field, the relationship between sexually violent images in the media and subsequent aggression and . . . callous attitudes towards women is much stronger statistically than the relationship between smoking and cancer (Itzin 22). After considering the increase in rape and molestation, sexual harassment, and other sex crimes over the last few decades, and also the corresponding increase of business in the pornography industry, the link between violence and pornography needs considerable study and examination. Once the evidence you will encounter in this paper is evaluated and quantified, it will be hard not come away with the realization that habitual use of pornograp hic material promotes unrealistic and unattainable desires in men that can lead to violent behavior toward women. In order to properly discuss pornography, and be able to link it to violence, we must first come to a basic and agreeable understanding of what the word pornography means. The term pornography originates from two Greek words, porne, which means harlot, and graphein, which means to write (Webster's 286). My belief is that the combination of the two words was originally meant to describe, in literature, the sexual escapades of women deemed to be whores. As time has passed, this definition of pornography has grown to include any and all obscene literature and pictures. At the present date, the term is basically a blanket which covers all types of material such as explicit literature, photography, films, and video tapes with varying degrees of sexual content. For Catherine Itzin's research purposes pornography has been divided into three categories: The sexually explicit and violent; the sexually explicit and nonviolent, but subordinating and dehumanizing; and the sexually explicit, nonviolent, and no subordinating that is based upon mutuality. The sexually explicit and violent is graphic, showing penetration and ejaculation. Also, it shows the violent act toward a woman. The second example shows the graphic sexual act and climax, but not a violent act. This example shows the woman being dressed is a costume or being 'talked down' to in order to reduce her to something not human; such as a body part or just something to have sex with, a body opening or an orifice. Not only does 'erotica' show the entire graphic sexual act, it also depicts an attraction between two people. Her research consistently shows that harmful effects are associated with the first two, but that the third 'erotica', is harmless (22). These three categories basically exist as tools of discerning content. Although sometimes they overlap without a true distinction, as in when the fil m is graphic in the sexual act and also in violence, but shows the act as being a mutual activity between the people participating. In my view, to further divide pornography, it is possible to break it down into even simpler categories: soft and hard-core pornography. Hard core pornography is a combination of the sexually explicit and violent and the

Piaget Essays - Child Development, Cognitive Psychology, Free Essays

Piaget Essays - Child Development, Cognitive Psychology, Free Essays Piaget Mark Shaffer 2/29/00 Jean Piaget Jean Piaget grew up in a quiet region of French Switzerland. His father was a professor and his mother was a Calvinist. In 1918 Piaget earned a doctorate in zoology and started studying psychoanalysis. In 1920 he moved to Paris to study children's intelligence. He was fascinated with the way a child's mind works. He moved back to Switzerland to watch and observe children. Piaget did not think of children as being wrong, he thought of them as thinking in a different way. (www.pathfinder.com/time100/scientist/profile/piaget.html) Piaget was a constructivist. He believed that knowledge was not preformed and it was always being constructed and developed with interaction with reality. (www.pathfinder.com/time100/scientist/profile/piaget.html) He also found that a child's logic and ways of thinking are different from adults. His research centered around one question: how does knowledge grow? The way he answered it was, the growth of knowledge is a progressive construction of logically embedded structures superseding one another by a process of inclusion of lower less powerful logical means into higher and more powerful ones up to adulthood. (www.unige.ch/piaget/biog.html) He called this study of the development of knowledge genetic epistemology. He said that everyone, no-matter how young or old, has skills that help him or her gain knowledge. He called these skills schemas. (www.ship.edu/cgboeree/piaget.html) Piaget had four basic stages in his developmental theory. First is the sensorimotor stage. This stage lasts from birth to about two years old. The infant uses his five senses and his motor ability to understand the world and to develop skills or schemas. Before the end of this stage the child is able to pretend and has mental representation of objects. (www.ship.edu/cgboeree/piaget.html) Piaget's second stage was called the preoperational stage. This lasts from about two to seven years old. In this stage the child develops the use of symbols. For example when a child sees the word dog he or she knows what that word stands for. They also develop an understanding of the past and future. While in this stage, the child sees things from one point of view. They think that everything happens or is there because of them. They might say that the carpet is soft so when they fall they won't get hurt. (www.ship.edu/cgboeree/piaget.html) In the third stage, called concrete operations stage, the child begins to be able to classify. They will be able to put things in order from biggest to smallest or by color. They also develop the idea of conservation. This means that the child will be able to tell that quantity is the same no matter what shape it takes. For example when there are four marbles lined up and four scattered in another area the child will be able to tell that there is the same amount in both areas. The concrete operations stage lasts from about seven to eleven years of age. (www.ship.edu/cgboeree/piaget.html) Piaget's last stage is the called formal operations stage, and starts at about twelve years old. This stage involves using logical operations in an abstract way. This is also referred to as hypothetical thinking. This stage involves things like the formation of a hypothesis and the elimination of a hypothesis to solve problems or questions. (www.ship.edu/cgboeree/piaget.html) In physical education it is important to know how your children think. A physical educator can not make their lesson too complicated for the child to understand. This is especially true at the elementary level. If the child does not understand what is being taught then the child will not put forth any effort and may be turned off of physical activity. At the very beginning of a child's schooling he or she is still in the preoperational stage. Therefor it would not be a good idea to try to incorporate logic or the use of conservation into the lesson. A child at that age should be taught physical education in a way that will be easily understood. It should center on the use of symbols and basic physical skills such as running, jumping and throwing. Bibliography 1. www.ship.edu/cgboeree/piaget.html 2. www.unique.ch/piaget/biog.html 3. www.pathfinder.com/time100/scientist/profile/piaget.html

Global Climate Change and Evolution

Global Climate Change and Evolution It seems like every time a new story is created by the media about science, there needs to be some sort of controversial subject or debate included. The Theory of Evolution is no stranger to controversy, especially the idea that humans evolved over time from other species. Many religious groups and others do not believe in evolution because of this conflict with their creation stories. Another controversial science topic often talked about by the news media is global climate change, or global warming. Most people do not dispute that the average temperature of the Earth is increasing every year. However, the controversy comes in when there is an assertion that human actions are causing the process to speed up. The majority of scientists believe both evolution and global climate change to be true. So how does one affect the other? Global Climate Change Before connecting the two controversial scientific subjects, it is first important to understand what both are individually. Global climate change, once called global warming, is based on the annual increase in the average global temperature. In short, the average temperature of all places on Earth increases every year. This increase in temperature seems to be causing many potential environmental issues including the melting of the polar ice caps, more extreme natural disasters like hurricanes and tornadoes, and larger areas are becoming affected by droughts. Scientists have linked the increase in temperature to an overall increase in the number of greenhouse gases in the air. Greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide, are necessary to keep some heat trapped in our atmosphere. Without some greenhouse gases, it would be too cold for life to survive on Earth. However, too many greenhouse gases can have extreme effects on the life that is present. Controversy It would be pretty hard to dispute that the average global temperature for Earth is increasing. There are numbers that prove that. However, it is still a controversial subject because many people do not believe that humans are causing global climate change to speed up as some scientists are suggesting. Many opponents of the idea claim the Earth cyclically becomes hotter and colder over long periods of time, which is true. The Earth moves in and out of ice ages over somewhat regular intervals and has since before life and long before humans came into existence. On the other hand, there is no doubt that current human lifestyles do add greenhouse gases into the air at a very high rate. Some greenhouse gases are expelled from factories into the atmosphere. Modern automobiles release many types of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, that get trapped in our atmosphere. Also, many forests are disappearing because humans are cutting them down to create more living and agriculture space. This makes a large impact on the amount of carbon dioxide in the air because trees and other plants can use carbon dioxide and produce more oxygen through the process of photosynthesis. Unfortunately, if these large, mature trees are cut down, the carbon dioxide builds up and traps more heat. The Effect on Evolution Since evolution is most simply defined as the change in species over time, how can global warming change a species? Evolution is driven through the process of natural selection. As Charles Darwin first explained, natural selection is when favorable adaptations for a given environment are chosen over the less favorable adaptations. In other words, individuals within a population that have traits that are better suited to whatever their immediate environment is will live long enough to reproduce and pass down those favorable traits and adaptations to their offspring. Eventually, the individuals that have less favorable traits for that environment will either have to move to a new, more suitable environment, or they will die out and those traits will no longer be available in the gene pool for new generations of offspring. Ideally, this would create the strongest species possible to live long and prosperous lives in any environment. Going by this definition, natural selection is dependent upon the environment. As the environment changes, the ideal traits and favorable adaptations for that area will also change. This could mean that adaptations in a population of a species that were once the best are now becoming much less favorable. This means the species will have to adapt and perhaps even undergo speciation to create a stronger set of individuals to survive. If the species cannot adapt quickly enough, they will become extinct. Polar Bears and Other Endangered Species For example, polar bears are currently on the endangered species list due to global climate change. Polar bears live in areas where there is very thick ice in the northern polar regions of Earth. They have very thick coats of fur and layers upon  layers of fat to keep warm. They rely on fish that live under the ice as a primary food source and have become skilled ice fishermen in order to survive. Unfortunately, with the melting polar ice caps, the polar bears are finding their once favorable adaptations to be obsolete and they are not adapting quickly enough. The temperatures are increasing in those areas which make the extra fur and fat on the polar bears more of a problem than a favorable adaptation. Also, the thick ice that was once there to walk on is too thin to hold the weight of the polar bears any longer. Therefore, swimming has become a very necessary skill for polar bears to have. If the current increase in temperature keeps up or accelerates, there will be no more polar bears. Those who have the genes to be great swimmers will live a bit longer than those who do not possess that gene, but, eventually, all will most likely disappear since evolution takes many generations and there just is not enough time. There are many other species all over the Earth that are in the same sort of predicaments as the polar bears. Plants are having to adapt to differing amounts of rainfall than what is usual in their areas, other animals need to adjust to changing temperatures, and still, others have to deal with their habitats disappearing or changing due to human interference. There is no doubt that global climate change is causing problems and increasing the need for a quicker pace of evolution in order to avoid mass extinctions all over the world.

Reflection Paper on The Global Idea of the Commons by Nonini Donald Essay - 1

Reflection Paper on The Global Idea of the Commons by Nonini Donald - Essay Example Despite all the differences in terms of cultural and religious beliefs, the early colonists made a wise decision to band together no matter what, against the threat of Indian raids and harsh winters. They had decided to help each other for the common good of everyone on the new colonies. Inherent in the concept of interdependency is the idea that all kinds of resources are to be taken cared of, that good stewardship of these resources should be undertaken for young or succeeding generations to likewise benefit from. This applies to material resources in early human history, such as forest lands and the resources found within it, clean and safe drinking water from rivers and lakes for human use and agricultural applications, the mineral resources that can be extracted from beneath the ground and all types of flora and fauna. The idea is that each resource should be maximized and given enough time, to replenish itself such that it can be used again and again without threat of depletion; example of this is fishing. People are also aware of the need to conserve non-renewable resources like oil so everyone can benefit. The availability of common-pool resources have existed since time immemorial but this has been threatened since the Industrial Revolution came about and the rise of capitalism, in which greed and individualism became paramount. Previously, people had devised ways or means by which to manage these resource through social or institutional arrangements for the long-term benefit of everybody without necessarily depleting these resources and thereby can manage to avoid the so-called â€Å"tragedy of the commons† by unfettered competition. This was done mainly through their cultural, social and maybe even religious practices by which most natural resources are only held in trust, as stewards, for the next generations to come. This is proven even in the marginal ecological zones over

Marketing SLP 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing SLP 1 - Essay Example Location and its current market strength: Best Buy Co., Inc. (BBY) is a company with its stock traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and is also listed in the Fortune 100. It is the largest specialty retailer of consumer electronics in the USA and Canada. Its total market share stands at 21% of the market. Its Headquarters are located in Richfield, Minnesota, USA. The company has a few subsidiaries such as Pacific Sales, Magnolia Audio and Geek Squad. The Best Buy Canada subsidiary does not operate its original name. In fact, it operates under the Future Shop label, which has a quite large market share in Canada (Hill, June 2008, retrieved July 2, 2008). Products : BBY sells all categories of consumer electronics – television sets, computers, i-phones, i-pods, mobile phones, digital and video cameras, Blu-ray discs, computer software, video games, DVD players, washing machines, dryers, refrigerators, music and so on. Each store also has a separate department for audio and video equipment. Global operations: Its global network spans Canada, China, Mexico, Puerto Rico and Turkey. The company has plans afoot for further expansion. For example its current network of stores amounting to 1150 in the USA will expand up to 1400 by the end of the current year. It’s planning string of acquisitions in the UK in 2009. For instance it will buy up rivals like Kesa Electricals and DSG International to position itself with a strategic advantage over other competitors. Chinese market: In June 2006, the company negotiated a deal with Feidiao Electrics Co. Ltd., in Shanghai to buy space on one of its buildings at a cost of $31.25 million. This figure includes the cost of decoration and outsourcing. Electronics retailers in China responded to this news with their own marketing tactics. Right now, despite Best Buy’s international presence Chinese electronics retailers have not fallen far behind in competition and sales revenue. Yongle which has nearly 50% of